聚磷菌厌氧时吸收乙酸和丙酸的代谢模型

水体中存在过多的磷是造成水体富营养化的重要原因之一,聚磷菌（polyphosphate accumulating organisms）因为能过量吸收磷而倍受关注。厌氧时,聚磷菌能大量吸收污水中的挥发性脂肪酸,经过一系列的生化反应,为好氧吸磷做准备。经过总结在厌氧条件下,聚磷菌Accumulibacter吸收乙酸和丙酸代谢转化的化学计量方程,并对模型中系数、还原力的产生、糖原降解途径以及厌氧条件下最终产物PHA的组成进行了讨论,得出挥发酸是通过主动运输进入细胞,且糖原经过ED途径提供还原力,多聚磷酸盐水解提供ATP和释放磷酸盐于体外,最终产生PHA的假设过程。但是,经过众多模型试验,一些假设仍没有得到最后的结论,所以应该进一步用富集程度较高的污泥进行精确研究。本文最终希望利用聚磷菌的代谢模型在工程运用中发挥最大效用。     

Impact of urbanization on natural ecosystem service values: a comparative study

With rapid population growth and rural to-urban migration in many Chinese cities, a large amount of natural lands have been converted to urban and agricultural lands recently. During this process of land conversion, economic development and quality of life improvement are considered as major goals, and their influences on ecological systems have often been neglected. The degradation of natural ecological systems due to land use change, however, has become severe,and may require immediate attentions from urban planners and local governments. Taking HaDaQi industrial corridor, Heilongjiang Province, China,as a case study area, this paper examined the trend of land use changes during 1990–2005, and quantified their influences on natural eco system service values. In particular, this study applied two major valuation methods, and examined whether different valuation methods generate significantly different results. Analysis of results suggests that human dominated land uses (e.g., urban and agriculture)have expanded rapidly at the cost of natural lands (e.g., wetlands and forest). Due to these land use changes, the total ecosystem service value decreased 29% (2.26% annually) from 1990 to 2005 when the first method was applied, and this rate is estimated to be 15.7% (1.13% annually)with the second approach. Moreover, the annual rate of ecosystem service value decline during 2000–2005 is about four times higher than that in 1990–2000 with both methods, suggesting much more severe ecosystem degradation during 2000–2005.     

氮缺乏引起的非丝状菌活性污泥膨胀

采用SBR法处理啤酒废水,研究了进水中不同有机物与总氮的比值(以BOD/N计)条件对活性污泥膨胀的影响.结果表明,在进水BOD/N为100/4的条件下,污泥的沉降性能良好;在进水BOD/N分别为100/3和100/2时,均发生由高含水率的粘性菌胶团过量生长引起的非丝状菌膨胀.在进水BOD/N为100/0.94的条件下,发生的非丝状菌膨胀最为严重.试验中还研究了氮缺乏条件下污泥微生物对氮源和磷源的利用率以及COD去除率的变化.     

Denitrification and phosphorus uptake by DPAOs using nitrite as an electron acceptor by step-feed strategies

Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) using nitrite as an electron acceptor can reduce more energy. However, nitrite has been reported to have an inhibition on denitrifying phosphorus removal. In this study, the step-feed strategy was proposed to achieve low nitrite concentration, which can avoid or relieve nitrite inhibition. The results showed that denitrification rate, phosphorus uptake rate and the ratio of the phosphorus uptaken to nitrite denitrified (anoxic P/N ratio) increased when the nitrite concentration was 15 mg·L^-1 after step-feeding nitrite. The maximum denitrification rate and phosphorus uptake rate was 12.73 mg NO2-–N·g MLSS-1?h-1 and 18.75 mg PO43-–P·g MLSS-1?h-1, respectively. These rates were higher than that using nitrate (15 mg·L^-1) as an electron acceptor. The maximum anoxic P/N ratio was 1.55 mg PO43--P?mg NO2--N-1. When the nitrite concentration increased from 15 to 20 mg NO2--N?L-1 after addition of nitrite, the anoxic phosphorus uptake was inhibited by 64.85%, and the denitrification by DPAOs was inhibited by 61.25%. Denitrification rate by DPAOs decreased gradually when nitrite (about 20 mg·L^-1) was added in the step-feed SBR. These results indicated that the step-feed strategy can be used to achieve denitrifying phosphorus removal using nitrite as an electron acceptor, and nitrite concentration should be maintained at low level (<15 mg·L^-1 in this study).     

PACT活性污泥中生物质量与粉末活性炭质量的计算和测定

本文根据活性污泥处理系统的物料平衡关系,提出PACT活性污泥中生物质量和粉末活性炭(PAC)质量的计算和测定方法.计算结果表明,曝气池混合液中PAC浓度随着PAC投加量和泥龄与水力停留时间的比值的提高而增加.通过实际测定活性污泥PAC在不同温度时的挥发量,得出三个联立方程式的基本系数,从而测得实际的PAC活性污泥试样中生物质量和PAC质量.     

松花江水系有机污染的现状

本文介绍了GC、GC/MS、HPLC方法在分析松花江水系有机污染物中的应用。GC/MS、HPLC所用水样在现场处理,而TLC、GC样品在实验室处理。冬夏两次取样,共检出152种有机化合物,其中主要有机污染物55种,PAH_3占19％,氯化物占14％,芳烃占13％,其它占54％。     

用溶解氧浓度作为SBR法过程和反应时间控制参数

进行了以DO作为SBR法过程和反应时间控制参数的试验研究。结果表明,无论使曝气量或初始污泥浓度大幅度变化,还是逐渐或突然改变初始有机物浓度等各种试验条件,都会在反应阶段开始不久出现所谓平衡DO浓度现象;当有机物达到其难降解浓度时DO浓度迅速地大幅度升高。因此,在目前还没有简易、快速的有机物浓度传感器的情况下,DO不仅可作为反应时间的指示性控制参数,而且也能可靠地作为反应阶段的过程控制参数。     

人工神经网络和专家系统在污水生物处理系统中的应用

对近年来国内外污水生物处理系统中人工神经网络和专家系统的应用进行了简要的回顾。分析了废水生物处理工艺难于控制的原因及人工神经网络和专家系统的结构和特点。结果表明．国外智能控制发展迅速,并且应用领域遍及污水生物处理的各个方面,国内尚处于起步阶段。简要探讨了废水生物处理智能控制今后应深入研究的问题及方向。     

交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮Ⅰ.方法实现与控制

采用实时控制策略和曝气 搅拌交替运行方式在 ( 2 6± 1 )℃下开发了一种新型短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺 :实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺 .并对其与实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮和预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺进行了比较研究 .结果显示 ,实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺无论从硝化速率、反硝化速率还是从硝化时间、反硝化时间上均优于实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮和预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮两种工艺 .其硝化速率和反硝化速率分别是预先设定时间控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化工艺的 1 3 8倍和 1 2 5倍 ,是实时控制传统SBR法短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺的 1 82倍和 1 6 1倍 .因此 ,实时控制交替好氧 缺氧短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺不但能够合理分配曝气和搅拌时间 ,而且还能提高硝化、反硝化速率 ,缩短反应时间 ,从而达到降低运行成本的目的     

Screening of indicator pharmaceuticals and personal care products in landfill leachates: a case study in Shanghai,China

● A systematic framework was developed to identify i-PPCPs for landfill leachate. ● The wide-scope target analysis offered a basis for comprehensive i-PPCP screening. ● Source-specificity and representativeness analysis helped to refine i-PPCPs. ● Erythromycin, gemfibrozil and albendazole were identified as i-PPCPs for leachate. Identifying potential sources of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment is critical for the effective control of PPCP contamination. Landfill leachate is an important source of PPCPs in water; however, it has barely been involved in source apportionment due to the lack of indicator-PPCPs (i-PPCPs) in landfill leachates. This study provides the first systematic framework for identifying i-PPCPs for landfill leachates based on the wide-scope target monitoring of PPCPs. The number of target PPCPs increased from < 20 in previous studies to 68 in the present study. Fifty-nine PPCPs were detected, with median concentrations in leachate samples ranging from below the method quantification limit (MQL) to 41 μg/L, and 19 of them were rarely reported previously. A total of 29 target compounds were determined to be PPCPs of high concern by principal component analysis according to multiple criteria, including occurrence, exposure potential, and ecological effect. Coupled with source-specificity and representativeness analysis, erythromycin, gemfibrozil, and albendazole showed a significant difference in their occurrence in leachate compared to other potential sources (untreated and treated municipal wastewater and livestock wastewater) and correlated with total PPCP concentrations; these were recommended as i-PPCPs for leachates. Indicator screening procedure can be used to develop a sophisticated source apportionment method to identify sources of PPCPs from adjacent landfills.